Conclusions

SUMMARY OF METIS PERSPECTIVE

This book demonstrates that, from the Metis point of view, current conceptions of Metis history are totally -- albeit inadvertantly -- misrepresented by most academic historians. Contrary to the implications and assumptions of most writing on the Metis, the Metis see themselves through their oral traditions and myths as:

(1) A race apart from both white and Indians and the only race indigenous to Canada;

(2) Having established a viable -- if conceptually invisible to white perception -- civilization at least a century before confederation;

(3) A founding nation equal to the French and the English in the development and growth of Confederation;

(4) A people shamelessly exploited, initially by a minority of political and land-grabbing carpetbaggers, and presently by the majority of Canadians through their indifference to the very real plight of the Metis people;

(5) An ethnic and racial component with great potential for future development and contribution to Canadian life -- if the opportunity to unfold that potential is returned to them via aboriginal rights and land claims;

(6) A people capable of building and designing their own future on their own terms within the context of the recognition of their reality so long denied them and as presently focused in the northwest and far north of Canada.

THE REALITY OF THE METIS MYTH

The role of so-called myth in oral and/or non-linear culture, such as that of the Metis, is of much greater significance in terms of self-identification and self-realization than can be conceived by most western European linear minds. What the Metis think of themselves, in terms of their past, present and future, is far more real to them than the dictates of conventional history, law, and government policy in a majority society that barely even recognizes the existence of a great, proud, and significant people.

The prophecies of Louis Riel are the song of the Metis soul and they will be sung, if necessary, in the face of the cacaphony of international corporations, but preferably in the synchronistic harmony of a pluralistic and truly Canadian reality. The song of the Metis is already being heard by thousands of non-status Indians who are uniting with the traditional Metis in a participation mystique that is launching a whole new movement in Canada. But before the majority of Canadians can hear the Metis song, much must be done.

The young and old alike must be prepared for education and then educated to the almost forgotten realities of their people. Organizations like ONTARIO METIS AND NON-STATUS INDIAN ASSOCIATION must communicate the reality of the "myth" in forms more condusive to that communication than history books, or even theses and dissertations. Through poetry, song, film, and drama communicated through all of the media that have such a powerful effect on the quality of awareness we have about our reality, the song of the Metis must be sung.

This is how myth, echoing in the memory of the soul, regenerates the mangled spirit of a nearly-defeated people. This is how the consciousness of a people, dominated for a time by the insanity of an invader, comes to resurrection. This is how the Metis myth will become a reality.

THE REALITY OF METIS REALITY

A balance must be achieved. It is evident that the most exotic rhetoric is meaningless in the face of horrible poverty and alienation. There are many, many hard, cold, and only too real problems of housing, education and land claims to be solved. The recognition of injustice has been accomplished in the last decade. The compensation for that injustice is slowly coming to fruition in this decade. The greatest care and thought must be taken by the Metis, by government, and by the Canadian people to avoid a repetition of the tragedies of 1869 and 1885 -- and they could easily be repeated in the closing decades of this century. Above all, the Metis must be recognized as a people who -- in the greatness of their race -- have the seeds of the solutions to their own problems. They need only the space and light to grow.

This book is dedicated to the day when all Canadians can join the Metis as they say to each other:

"SING YOUR SONG - YOUR CHILDREN ARE STRONG"

"WE ARE METIS"

Appendicies

THE DECLARATION OF THE PEOPLE OF RUPERT'S LAND

IT IS ADMITTED BY ALL MEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE THAT THE PUBLIC AUTHORITY COMMANDS THE OBEDIENCE AND RESPECT OF ITS SUBJECTS. IT IS ALSO ADMITTED THAT A PEOPLE, WHEN IT HAS NO GOVERNMENT, IS FREE TO ADOPT ONE FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN PREFERENCE TO ANOTHER, TO GIVE OR REFUSE ALLEGIANCE TO THAT WHICH IS PROPOSED.

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THESE PRINCIPLES, THE PEOPLE OF RUPERT'S LAND HAD RESPECTED THE AUTHORITY OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY EVEN IF IT HAD BEEN FAR FROM ANSWERING THE WANTS OF THE PEOPLE. BUT, CONTRARY TO THE LAW OF NATIONS, THE COMPANY HAD TRANSFERRED TO CANADA ALL THE RIGHTS WHICH IT HAD OR PRETENDED TO HAVE IN THIS TERRITORY, BY TRANSACTIONS WHICH THE PEOPLE WERE CONSIDERED UNWORTHY TO BE MADE ACQUAINTED.

IST ÛWE, THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE IN COUNCIL ASSEMBLED AT UPPER FORT GARRY ON THE 24TH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1869, AFTER HAVING INVOKED THE GOD OF NATIONS, RELYING ON THESE FUNDAMENTAL MORAL PRINCIPLES, SOLEMNLY DECLARE IN THE NAME OF OUR CONSTITUENTS AND IN OUR OWN NAMES, BEFORE GOD AND MAN, THAT FROM THE DAY ON WHICH THE GOVERNMENT WE ALWAYS RESPECTED ABANDONED US, BY TRANSFERRING TO A STRANGE POWER THE SACRED AUTHORITY CONFIDED TO IT, THE PEOPLE OF THE NORTH-WEST BECAME FREE AND EXEMPT FROM ALL ALLEGIANCE TO THE SAID GOVERNMENT.

2ND - THAT WE REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE THE AUTHORITY OF CANADA, WHICH PRETENDS TO HAVE A RIGHT TO COERCE US AND IMPOSE UPON US A DESPOTIC FORM OF GOVERNMENT, STILL MORE CONTRARY TO OUR RIGHTS AND INTERESTS AS BRITISH SUBJECTS THAN WAS THAT GOVERNMENT TO WHICH WE HAD SUBJECTED OURSELVES THROUGH NECESSITY UP TO A RECENT DATE.

3RD -THAT BY SENDING AN EXPEDITION ON THE IST OF NOVEMBER, ULT., CHARGED TO DRIVE BACK MR. WILLIAM MCDOUGALL AND HlS COMPANIONS COMING IN THE NAME OF CANADA TO RULE US WITH THE ROD OF DESPOTISM AND WITH A PREVIOUS NOTIFICATION TO THAT EFFECT, WE HAVE BUT ACTED CONFORMABLY TO THE SACRED RIGHT WHICH COMMANDS EVERY CITIZEN TO OFFER ENERGETIC OPPOSITION TO PREVENT HIS COUNTRY BEING ENSLAVED.

4TH - THAT WE CONTINUE AND SHALL CONTINUE TO OPPOSE WITH ALL OUR STRENGTH THE ESTABLISHING OF THE CANADIAN AUTHORITY IN OUR COUNTRY UNDER THE ANNOUNCED FORM. AND IN CASE OF PERSISTENCE ON THE PART OF THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT TO ENFORCE ITS OBNOXIOUS POLICY ON US BY FORCE OF ARMS, WE PROTEST BEFOREHAND AGAINST SUCH AN UNJUST AND LAWFUL COURSE, AND WE DECLARE THE SAID CANADIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBLE BEFORE GOD AND MEN FOR THE INNUMERABLE EVILS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY SO UNWARRANTABLE A COURSE.

BE IT KNOWN THEREFORE, TO THE WORLD IN GENERAL AND TO THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT IN PARTICULAR, THAT AS WE HAVE ALWAYS HERETOFORE SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED OUR COUNTRY IN FREQUENT WARS WITH THE NEIGHBORING TRIBES OF INDIANS, WHO ARE NOW ON FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH US, AND WE ARE FIRMLY RESOLVED IN FUTURE NOT'~ESS THAN IN THE PAST, TO REPEL ALL INVASIONS FROM WHATSOEVER QUARTER THEY MAY COME.

AND FURTHERMORE, WE DO DECLARE AND PROCLAIM IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF RUPERT'S LAND AND THE NORTH-WEST, THAT WE HAVE ON THE SAID 24TH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1869, ABOVE MENTIONED, ESTABLISHED A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT, AND HOLD IT TO BE THE ONLY LAWFUL AUTHORITY NOW IN EXISTENCE IN RUPERT'S LAND AND THE NORTH-WEST WHICH CLAIMS THE OBEDIENCE AND RESPECT OF THE PEOPLE.

THAT MEANWHILE WE HOLD OURSELVES IN READINESS TO ENTER INTO SUCH NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AS MAY BE FAVOURABLE FOR THE GOOD GOVERNMENT AND PROPRIETY OF THIS PEOPLE.

IN SUPPORT OF THIS DECLARATION, RELYING ON THE PROTECTION OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE, WE MUTUALLY PLEDGE OURSELVES ON OATH, OUR LIVES, OUR FORTUNES, AND OUR SACRED HONOUR TO EACH OTHER.

METIS ASSOCIATION OF ALBERTA BRIEF*

This brief is being presented to the government of Alberta by, and on behalf of, a group of citizens who came to feel that their backs are against the wall. These citizens have historically attempted to preserve a way of life socially and economically, and politically distinct from the way of life adopted by the white majority in this society. Now they are faced with a vast range of pressures tending to strike away the basis of their specific ways. Not the least of these pressures is that on the land the Metis people have historically occupied.

We, as a people, have retreated before the advance of white society for just over one hundred years in Western Canada. We now find ourselves with no further opportunity to retreat. We have accepted the necessity to adjust ourselves to the economic and social facts of life in Alberta; to seek training, skills, and assistance that will allow us, over time, to move into the mainstream~ maintaining at the same time as much as possible of our traditional ways and beliefs.

Our history has been a long retreat before your advance. We have moved northward and westward since our attempt to establish ourselves as a legitimate political force in Canada when in 1870, we were defeated by the Imperial army of your ancestors.

The treaty Indian peoples made their collective reckonings with your forebearers, and as part of their reckonings received land settlements. The white people who came to Western Canada historically came for the land. Individually many Metis over the years have made their reckonings with the dominant society and have thereby acquired stakes in the society the same as those of most white people. Those of us represented here, however, are the remaining representatives of a people who preferred an attempt to retreat and preserve their way of life to the acceptance of any terms of settlement. Historically, we have been formally landless, although we always considered that we had a moral claim.

On the record, our forebearers made a choice which, if not the best was not necessarily the worst. The Treaty Indian peoples have reaped, on the whole, little but pain from their settlements with past governments. Moreover, and this is no small consideration, our retreat had its dignity as a fighting retreat. We have not forgotten Fort Garry and Batoche . . . the Metis people on the whole in Alberta have been a forgotten people. They have been, of all the racial and ethnic groups in Alberta, the people who have reaped the least of the benefits of social, economic, and political advancement in the province, and who have suffered historically the most incredible levels of privation on all fronts . . . that privation has been closely linked with the specific status of the Metis people with respect to the land question, and with the wishes of the Metis people to preserve a traditional way of life in the face of the advance of white society into the Northwest. Now that the game is up, now that there is no longer the possibility of retreat, now that we are accepting the need to come to terms with the predominance of white society and its norms and values in Alberta, our future is tied to the land question just as thoroughly as the past had been tied to the land question . . .

*from The Metis, Canada's Forgotten People D. Bruce Sealey, and Antoine S. Lussier, 1975, pps. 180-181.

NATIVE COUNCIL OF CANADA BRIEF TO PRIME MINISTER - SUMMARY

1. The Metis and non-status Indians of Canada have lost the land which was once theirs.

2. But our aboriginal rights to land, recognized through the years by Canadian and provincial governments, are valid today. We can prove that we have in the past been treated as Indians under Section 91(24) of the B.N.A. Act but are not subject to the Indian Act.

3. We ask for a new deal for native people in this country.

4. We ask for money $7,527,000.00 to enable our provincial associations to research our historical rights and our land rights in detail. We wish to use the knowledge so gained as a springboard from which a new deal for our people can be reached so that we, too, may share the benefits of Canada's stability, propriety and wealth.

5. We cannot, however, allow our people to stay in their present situation of poverty and alienation until our research is finished.

6. We ask, as an earnest of the federal government's good faith, that they accept their responsibilities to us and declare their readiness immediately to negotiate to meet the pressing problems our people face. . .

DENE DECLARATION - A STATEMENT OF RIGHTS

We, the Dene of the Northwest Territories, insist on the right to be regarded by ourselves and the world as a nation.

Our struggle is for the recognition of the Dene Nation by the Government and people of Canada and the peoples and governments of the world.

As once Europe was the exclusive homeland of the European peoples, Africa the exclusive homeland of the African peoples, the New World, North and South America was the exclusive homeland of the Aboriginal Peoples, the Amerindian and the Inuit.

The New World, like other parts of the world, has suffered the experience of colonialism and imperialism. Other peoples have occupied the land Ûoften with force Ûand foreign governments have imposed themselves on our people. Ancient civilizations and ways of life have been destroyed.

Colonialism and imperialism are now dead or dying. Recent yearS have witnessed the birth of new nations or rebirth of old nations out of the ashes of ccrlonialism.

As Europe is the place where you will find European countries with European governments for European peoples, now also you will find in Africa and Asia the existence of African and Asian countries with African and Asian governments for the African and Asian peoples.

The African and Asian peoplesÛthe peoples of the Third World Û have fought for and won the right to selfdetermination, the right to recognition as distinct peoples and the recognition of themselves as nations.

But in the New World, the native peoples have not fared so well. Even in countries in South America where the native peoples are the vast majority of the population, there is not one country which has an Amerindian government for the Amerindian peoples.

Nowhere in the New World have the native peoples won the right to self-determination and the rights to recognition by the world as a distinct people and as Nations.

While the native people of Canada are a minority in their homeland, the native people of the Northwest Territories, the Dene and the Inuit, are a majority of the population of the Northwest Territories.

The Dene find themselves as part of a country. That country is Canada. But the Government of the Northwest Territories is not the government of the Dene. These governments were not the choice of the DeneÛthese were imposed on the Dene.

What we the Dene are struggling for is the recognition of the Dene Nation by the governments and peoples of the world.

And while there are realities we are forced to submit to, such as the existence of a country called Canada, we insist on the right to self-determination as a distinct people and the recognition of the Dene Nation.

We, the Dene people, are part of the Fourth World. And as the peoples and Nations of the world have come to recognize the existence and rights of those people who make up the Third World, the day must come and will come when the nations of the Fourth World will come to be recognized and respected. The challenge to the Dene and the world is to find the way for the recognition of the Dene Nation.

Our plea to the world is to help us in our struggle to find a place in the world community where we can exercise our right to self-determination as a distinct people and as a nation.

What we seek then is independence and self-determination within the country of Canada. This is what we mean when we call for a just land settlement for the Dene Nation.

from: NEW BREED Feb./76

References

CHAPTER 1 THE GENESIS OF THE METIS

Mika, Nick, 1972 The Riel Rebellion 1885, University of Manitoba Press, pg 298

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Strange Empire, Louis Riel and the Metis People, James, Lewis and Samuel, paperback 1974, pg 62

Sealey, Bruce D. and Antoine S. Lussier,1975 The Metis, Canada's Forgotten People, Manitoba Metis Federation Press, pg 1 Ibid pg 14

Hind, Henry Youle, 1858 in the Exploration of the Country Between Lake Superior and the Red River Settlement, George Gladman, Government of Canada, pg 305

Cardinal, Harold, 1977 The Rebirth of Canada's Indians, Hurtig Publishers

Cumming, Peter A. and Niel H. Mickenberg, 1972 Native Rights in Canada, The Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada, General Publishing Co. pp 6-9

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 39

Sawchuck, Joseph, 1973 The Metis of Manitoba, a reformulation of an ethnic identity. (M.A.) Thesis on microfilm no. 14380, University of Manitoba, Intro pg vi Ibid Chapter 3

Jung, Carl G,.1964 Ibid pp 37-38

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pp 3-5

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 28

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pp 16-17

Nagler, Mark, 1975 Ibid pp 2-3

Stanley, George Francis Gilman, 1936 The Birth of Western Canada, Longman, Greene and Co. pg 10

Adams, Howard, 1975 Prison of Grass, New Press, Toronto pg 14

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pp 40-41

Stanley, G. F. G. 1936 Ibid Preface pg vii Ibid Preface pg 8 Ibid Preface pp vii-ix

Morton, Arthur S. 1939 The New NationÛThe Metis, Transaction of the Royal Society of Canada, Sec. 2, Vol. 33 Series 3, pp 139-140

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 38

Lussier, Antoine S. 1973 The Metis, in Indians Without Tipis, Bruce D. Sealey and Vera J. Kirkness, editors, William Clare Ltd. pg 44

Sawchuck, Joseph, 1973 Ibid pp 22-24

Gladman, George, Report on the Exploration of the Country Between Lake Superior and the Red River Settlement, Government of Canada, pg 356

Canadian Historical Review, 1920 The First "New" Province of the Dominion, Vol. 1, No. 4, December pp 354-378

UNESCO 1967Why Prejudiee? The Expert's Diagnosis in the Indian, Assimilation, Integration or Separation? R. D. Bowles, Prentiss-Hall pg 33

CHAPTER 2 - THE INVISIBLE CIVILIZATION

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 29 Riel,

Louis (David), 1976 The Diaries of Louis Riel, edited by Thomas Flanagan, Hurtig Publishing, pg 165

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 39

Mika, Nick, 1972 Ibid pg 113

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid

Pelletier, Emile, 1973 A Social History of the Manitoba Metis, Manitoba Metis Federation Press, pg 3.

Stanley, G. F. G. 1936 Ibid pg 8

Ibid pg 22

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pp 16-17 and pp 28-29

Stanley, G. F. G. 1936 Ibid pg 7

Ibid pg 10

Ibid pg 18

Lussier, Antoine S. 1973 Ibid pg 45

Morton, Arthur S. 1939 Ibid pp 138-139

Sealey/Lussier,1975 Ibid pg 39

Gladman, George, 1858 Ibid pp 413-414

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 60

Sealey, D. Bruce, 1975 Statutory Land Rights of the Manitooa Metis, Manitoba Metis Federation Press pp 43-44

Adams, Howard, 1975 Ibid pg 27

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pp 62-63

Gladman, George, 1858 Ibid pg 303

Stanley, G. F. G. 1936 Ibid pg 13

CHAPTER 3 THE GREAT WHITE SWINDLE

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 67

Gladman, George, 1858 Ibid pg 5

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pp 77-78

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 70

Gladman, George, 1858 Ibid pg 169

Ibid pp 169- 171

Stanley, George F. G. 1968 Louis Riel, A Biography, Ryerson Press, pg 45

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 87

Ibid pg 70

Ibid pg 88

Ibid pp 86-91

Ibid pp 93-94

Ibid pg 95

Riel, Louis (David), 1885 Metis of the Northwest, Globe and Mail, November 30, 1885 in

The Riel Rebellion, Nick Mika, pg 298

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pg 112

Morton, W. L. 1957 Manitoba, A History, University of Toronto Press

Bowsfield, Hartwell 1971 Louis Riel, The Rebel and the Hero, Oxford University Press pp 35-39

Howard, Joseph Kinsey

1952 Ibid pg 130

Adams, Howard, 1975 Ibid pp 56-57

Howard, Joseph Kinsey 1952 Ibid pg 159

Ibid pg 169

Ibid pg 173

Riel, Louis (David), 1885 Ibid pg 300

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pp 216-226

Bowsfield, Hartwell, 1971 Ibid pp 71 -73

Adams, Howard, 1975 Ibid pp 76-110

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 Ibid pp 460-503

Mika, Nick, 1972 Ibid pp 214-215 and pp 231-241

Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 1952 pg 563

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pp 101- 108

CHAPTER 4 THE MODERN METIS

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 145

Slobodkin, Richard, 1966 Metis of the Mackenzie District, Canadian Research Centre for Anthropology, St. Paul University pp 145-146

Giraud, Marcel, 1956 The Western Metis After the Insurrection, Saskatchewan History IX (1) translation from Le Metis Canadien by C. M. Chesney

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 164

Whiteside, Don, 1974 Efforts to Develop Aboriginal Political Associations in Canada 1850-1965 unpublished manuscript in Redbird files pg 42 Ibid pg 8 Ibid pg 15

Cardinal, Harold, 1969 The Unjust Society, Hurtig Publishers, pg 103 Ibid pg 98

Frideres, J. S. 1974 Canada's Indians, Contemporary Conflicts, PrentissHall

Cardinal, Harold 1969 Ibid pp 109- 110

Adams, Howard, 1975 Ibid pg 181

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 163

Riel Louis (David) 1885 Address to Jury in Riel Rebellion 1885, Nick Mika, pg 233 (see Appendix)

Dunn, Marty, 1971 Red on White, A Biography of Duke Redbird, New Press, pp 90-91

Adams, Howard, 1975 Ibid pp 177-178

Dunn, Marty, 1971 Ibid pp 111-112

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 161

Dunn, Marty, 1971 Ibid pg 78

Kelly, Fred, 1969 The Fresh Assertiveness: Red Power, Toronto Telegram, September 27, 1969

Frideres, J. S. 1974 Ibid pg 113

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 163

Sawchuck, Joseph, 1973 Ibid pg 42

Bell, David V. J. 1970 Ibid pp 22-23

Ibid

Ibid

Sealey/Lussier, 1975 Ibid pg 168

Native Council of Canada (N.C.C.) 1976 Discussion Paper Concerning Past, Present, and Future Directions, NCC Board of Director's Meeting, NCC archives pp 3-6

Native Council of Canada, 1975 Position Paper on Aboriginal Rights, to Prime Minister Trudeau, April NCC archives

McCullum, Hugh and Karmel, 1965 This Land is Not For Sale, Canada's Original People and Their Land, A Saga of Neglect, Exploitation, and Conflict, Anglican Book Centre, pg 26 Ibid pg 4

The Native Perspective, 1977 Two International Conferences, in the Native Perspective Col. 2, No. 6, pg 21

CHAPTER 5 ABORIGINAL RIGHTS AND LAND CLAIMS


Jung, Carl G. 1964 Ibid pg 26

McCullum, Hugh and Karmel, 1975 Ibid pp 9- 10

Ibid pg 1

Cumming, Peter A. 1972 Ibid pg 14

Frideres, J. S. 1974 Ibid pg 154

Cumming, Peter A. 1972 Ibid pg 27

Ibid pp 30-31

Ibid pg 200

Ibid pp 202-203

Ibid pg 6

Ibid pg 9

Ibid pp 42-43

Ibid pg 204

Ibid pg 4

Sealey, D. Bruce, 1975 Ibid pp 34-42 Ibid pp 61-62 Ibid pp 67-69

Native Council of Canada 1973 Brief on Land Claims and Aboriginal Rights, NCC archives pg 7

Ibid pg 8 Ibid pp 33-34

McCullum, Hugh and Karmel, 1975 Ibid pp 130-131

Cumming, Peter A.1972 Ibid pg 26 Ibid pp 30-31

CHAPTER 6 MODERN METIS CONSCIOUSNESS

Redbird, Duke, 1977 National Assembly, transcript of a film of the Fifth Annual Assembly to the Native Council of Canada Roll 3, pp 3-4, Redbird files

Dunn, Marty, 1971 Ibid pg 92

Adams, Howard, 1975 Ibid pg 39 Ibid pg 170 Ibid pg 182

Card, B. Y. 1963

Ibid pp 8-9

Ibid pg 207

G. K. Hirabayashi, C. L. French The Metis in Alberta Society, University of Alberta Committee for Social Research, pp 362-363

Cuthand, John, 1976 If You're Metis . . . You're In, New Breed, February pp 4-5 Sealey/Lussier

1975 Ibid Chapters 10 and 12

McKay, Dave, 1972 The Non-People, University of Saskatchewan pg 33

Sawchuck, Joseph, 1973 Ibid pp 75-81

McKay, Dave, 1972 Ibid pg 18

Slobodkin, Richard, 1966 Ibid pg 5

Dosman, EdgarJ., 1972 Indians: The Urban Dilemma, McClelland and Stewart, pg 170


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